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Overview
The Aka pygmies are a hunter-gatherer group living in the tropical forest regions of South Central Africa and north Congo-Brazzaville. The camps in which they live range from 25 to 30...
Alycia's Bibliography
Blundell, Valda
1980 Hunter-Gatherer Territoriality: Ideology and Behavior in Northwest
Australia. Ethnohistory: Duke University Press 27(2):103-117.
(key words -...
Ambush hunting is designed to take advantage of the feeding behavior of forest antelopes. A man will scout out a tree with fruits that the antelopes enjoy, and will construct a perch 2.5 feet from...
Andrew Brooks Egalitarianism – Critical Review of a Research Article
Article Citation
Cashdan, Elizabeth A.
1980 Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers. American Anthropologist, New Series...
Condon, Richard G.
1987. Inuit Youth: Growth and Change in the Canadian Arctic. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers University Press.
By virtue of the fact that this book focuses on the adolescents...
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Table of Contents
Region
Language
History
Early History
8000-6000 B.C.
4000-2500 B.C.
1000 B.C.-1700 A.D.
European Contact
The Twentieth...
Australian Aboriginal Tribes
Back to Australian-Aborigines
[South Wales]
[Territory]
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
[New South...
Back to Homepage for Australian-Aborigines
Biskup, P.
1968 White-Aboriginal Relations in Western Australia: An Overview. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 10(4):447-457.
(Key words:...
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Table of Contents
Pre-European Contact
Settlement and Geography
Aboriginal Life - Reconstructed
Tribes and Languages
The Dreaming
Territory
Subsistence
Pituri, an Australian Aboriginal...
Overview
The Baka are a group of Central African foragers living in the western Congo-Zaire river valley, and also Cameroon. The Baka live in single-family homes called mongulus, which are made of...
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To learn more about Arctic foragers refer to the Arctic foragers page.
Overview
There are a variety of Eskimo in the Arctic. Differences can be seen...
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To learn more about the Shoshone refer to the Great Basin Indians page.
Overview
In the Great Basin Shoshone, individual families are the primary...
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For more information on the !Kung and other Southern African foragers refer to the Southern African foragers page.
Overview
The !Kung live predominately...
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To learn more about Northwest Coast Indians refer to the Northwest Coast Indians page.
Overview
The Tolowa, of Northern California, have a diet based...
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For more information on the Ona and other South American foragers refer to the South American foragers page.
Overview
The Ona, otherwise known as...
Introduction
In Central Africa, there are four main foraging groups that live in the Congo-Zaire River Basin. The Baka and Aka live in the western Congo-Zaire River basin, and the Mbuti and the...
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Zeanah, David W.
2004 Sexual division of labor and central place foraging: a model for the Carson Desert of western Nevada. Journal of Anthropological...
Introduction
Stereotypically, hunter-gatherer groups are thought to be simple, egalitarian societies, such as the Ju/’hoansi, who are characterized by equal access to resources and immense...
For course information
Dr. Mark Moritz
Department of Anthropology
The Ohio State University
112 Lord Hall
124 W. 17th Avenue
Columbus, OH 43210
Phone (614)...
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Draper, Patricia.
1975 !Kung Women: Contrasts in Sexual Egalitarianism in Foraging and Sedentary Contexts: a critical review. Toward an Anthropology of...
Click on the book title for more information
Balikci, Asen
1989 [1970] The Netsilik Eskimo. Prospect Heights (IL): Waveland Press. [link to amazon page]
Kelly, Robert L.
2007 The foraging spectrum...
On this page you can find some information about the course Anthropology 620.01 Hunter-Gatherers as it was taught in Autumn 2007.
Documents
Syllabus
Reading list
Assignments
Annotated...
Broadhurst, Robert
1997 Aborigines and Crime in Australia. Crime and Justice 21: 407-468
Crawford, I.M.
1972 Function and Change in Aboriginal Rock Art, Western Australia. World Archaeology...
image from Fort Clasto Bookstore
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The Ainu
These are the indigenous people of northern Japan, who, although are classified as foragers, their society has still undergone drastic changes. The encroachment of modern Japanese society...
Introduction
The indigenous hunter-gatherer groups of East Africa predate the Bantu movement into this region. These groups include the Okiek (or Ogiek), Sengwer, Yaaku, Hadza (or Hadzabe), Akie,...
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Halperin, Rhoda H.
1980. Ecology and Mode of Production: Seasonal Variation and the Division of Labor by Sex Among Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of...
Overview
The Efe are a group of foragers living in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo. They share this region with three other groups of Central African Foragers. Of these...
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Stereotype
Variation
Collaborative Flow Chart
Theories
Immediate-Return Societies
Delayed-Return Societies
Review of 12 theories on foraging...
The Culture Area Concept
Problematic early theoretical use of the idea that one could delineate a specific geographic area which could clearly explain borders of cultures. Originally coined by Otis...
Africa
A Kalahari Family (2002)
"A Kalahari Family is a five-part, six-hour series documenting 50 years in the lives of the Ju/'hoansi of southern Africa, from 1951 to 2000. These once...
Deleted scene from The Netsilik Eskimo Film Series ;)
image from www.yukoninfo.com/…/info/salmonfishing.htm
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Kelly made this extensive chart to illustrate the great variability in how hunter-gatherers move.
This extensive chart is an attempt to measure the variability of subsistence practices is somewhat due to the environment.
ET is Effective Temperature
PP is Primary Production
*** Kelly...
What is Gender Hierarchy?
Harris defines it as:
Etic behavioral and etic mental inequalities in sex-linked power relationships as evidenced by physical abuse (homicide, assault and battery, rape,...
Affines: people related by marriage, in-laws.
Band: a small foraging group with flexible compostion that migrates seasonally.
Behavioral Ecology: the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis...
Introduction
The Great Basin is a dry desert located in the southwestern United States. The Great Basin Indians were a diverse group of peoples all brought together by a commonality in their...
Group hunting among the Efe is usually done in groups of 4-30 people. These groups are called mota, after the fire around which they discuss the plans of the upcoming hunt. During these hunts, the...
Overview
Health and growth and development of foraging societies varies greatly from group to group. Each society has their own ways of coping with health issues and practices of child rearing....
About this Wiki
This Wiki was created by Dr. Mark Moritz's Anthropology 620.01 class, Autumn Quarter, 2007 at The Ohio State University. The goal of this wiki was for us to compile an extensive...
If you are allowed to edit pages in this Site, simply click on edit button at the bottom of the page. This will open an editor with a toolbar pallette with options.
To create a link to a new page,...
Hunter-Gatherers
According to the archaeological dictionary of the Oxford University Press, hunter-gatherer is: A general term used to refer to societies whose mode of subsistence is gained from...
Man The Hunter Conference
Chicago: 1966, "75 scholars, lead by Richard Lee and Irven DeVore met to discuss the status on the existing knowledge of foraging societies and create new perspectives. It...
Marlowe, Frank W.
2007 Hunting and Gathering: The Human Sexual Division of Foraging Labor. Cross-Cultural Research 41(2): 170-195.
In the past, the sexual division of labor has been explained as...
Return to the sexual division of labor page.
Marlowe, Frank W.
2007 Hunting and Gathering: The Human Sexual Division of Foraging Labor. Cross-Cultural Research 41(2): 170-195.
In the past, the...
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Table of Contents
The Iglulingmiut, The Iglulik
Subsistence
Annual Movement
Material Culture
Social Structure
History
Nineteenth Century
Twentieth Century
The Iglulik Today
Further...
The Ituri Forest
The Ituri Forest is found on the northeastern lip of the Zaire River Basin. This forest has the highest number of species of any forest in Africa. 15% of these species are...
Kate's Bibliography
Brady, Wendy
1997 Indigenous Australian Education and Globalisation. International Review of Education 43(5/6):413-422
(keywords - education, mainstreaming)
Carey, Hilary M....
Summary
Recent ethnographic studies show variability in the social organizations of hunter-gatherer societies. Until recently, archaeologists had thought these groups to be categorically...
Summary
Recent ethnographic studies show variability in the social organizations of hunter-gatherer societies. Until recently, archaeologists had thought these groups to be categorically...
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Table of Contents
Introduction
The Economic-Defensibility Model
The Great Basin Indians: A Case Study of the Economic-Defensibility Model
Social-boundary Defense
Navajo Land Use and...
Overview
The Mbuti live in small groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa.
Subsistence
60% of the Mbuti's carbohydrate annual caloric intake is obtain through a villager...
Hunting for monkeys is by necessity a solitary activity, as the success of the hunt depends on stealth. The hunter will use his knowledge of the monkey's behavior to predict troupe movement and may...
Artemova, Olga
2003 Monopolization of knowledge, social inequality, and female status: A cross-cultural study. Cross-Cultural Research 37(1):62-80.
In this cross cultural study, Artemova asks why...
Here are more references about all things wiki, anthropology, style, and communities of practice:
Wikidot Community Portal
Wikiscanner
NYT public editor
Chicago Manual of Style
Communities of...
This page contains an annotated bibliography of resources concerning Central African foragers.
Aunger, Robert
1994 Are Food Avoidances Maladaptive in the Ituri Forest of Zaire? Journal of...
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Table of Contents
The Netsilik (Netsilingmiut)
Background
Subsistence Strategies
Social Structure
Kinship
Marriage
Religious/Spiritual Practices
Infanticide
The Netsilik Today
The...
Forager Societies in the News
Forager societies have not disappeared. Here are links to recent mass media articles covering how foraging societies fare in today's world.
Did Island Tribes Use...
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Environment
Groups
Shelter
Technology
Slavery
Food
Shellfish
Religion
Potlatch
Art
Variation Among the Northwest Coast Indians
The Kwakiutl
The...
Annotated Bibliographies
1. Adams, John W.
Recent Ethnology of the Northwest Coast
Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 10. (1981), pp. 361-392.
In the article, Recent Ethnology of the Northwest...
Discussion
It is unclear whether and how the Nyae Nyae Conservancies works today. The chapter by Weaver and Skyer (2005) suggests that the program is working and that the Ju/'hoansi are...
Optimal Foraging
Optimal foraging was initially defined as the understanding of the factors affecting nonhuman foraging behavior, in which animals will increase their intake of resources and...
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Table of Contents
The Caribou Inuit
Some External Links
The Thule Inuit
Timeline
Some External Links
Among the many tribes of Inuit that no longer pursue yearlong hunting and...
Here is where we lay out and negotiate the stylistic rules for the site.
The basic source for style that we will be using will be the style guide for the American Anthropological Association, which...
Art and Identity of the Kwa Kwaka'Wakw: Box of Treasures
Produced by the U'Mista Cultural Society
Filmmaker: Dennis Wheeler
Narrator: Gloria Crammer Webster
This film focuses on Kwa Kwaka'Wakw...
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Table of Contents
Disclaimer
Aboriginal Hunting
Ainu instruments
Bushmen gathering berries and using a GPS
Efe bow-hunter (male) and an Efe woman
Hadza hunting & tracking a...
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Table of Contents
What is Anthropology?
Foraging Researchers
Course Materials
Research Links
Organizations
Music
Language
Images
Art
Oral Traditions
Food
Miscellaneous
What is...
Collier, Jane F. and Michelle Z. Rosaldo
1981 Politics and Gender in Simple Societies. In Sexual Meanings: The cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead,...
Begler, Elsie B.
1978 Sex, Status, and Authority in Egalitarian Society
American Anthropologist 80(3): 571-588.
Elsie B. Begler, in her article Sex, Status, and Authority in Egalitarian Society,...
Overview
The sexual division of labor is defined as the delegation of tasks between males and females. Each society has its own division of labor, which creates a wide range of variation among...
Considered to be a universal characteristic of all foraging societies, sharing is the way in which hunter-gatherers regulate the access of food, material goods, land, and other resources. And while...
Course Pages
Course page
Carmen
Sandbox
References
What-is-a-wiki-site
How-to-edit-pages
Wikidot syntax
Wikidot documentation
More references
Changes to the Wiki
Our-style-guide
Recent...
Signing up
Students enrolled in Anthropology 620.01 Hunter and Gatherers must sign up using the email with invitation sent by the instructor. If you did not receive an invitation, please email me...
Members:
Moderators
Admins
Introduction
Foraging societies of South America reside in vastly differing environments, from the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin to the plains and coastal climates of Tierra del Fuego....
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Table of Contents
Names
Location
Population
Environment
Economy
Gathering
Mongongos and Optimal Foraging Theory
Hunting
Sharing and the Practice of Insulting the Meat
Why...
Richard B. Lee
Born in New York City and raised in Toronto, Canada, 1937
Canadian Cultural Anthropologist
Earned B.A. and M.A. from the University of Toronto
Earned Ph.D. from the University of...
Course Wiki Style Manual
Here we could make our own style manual (as in the Wikipedia style manual).
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Table of Contents
Location and Environment
History
Language
Subsistence
Forest to Reservation
Hunting and Fishing
Gathering
Sharing
Social Organization
Settlement Patterns
Degree of...
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Table of Contents
The Copper Inuit (Ulukhaktokmiut) of Holman
Isolation
Environment Variability
Traditional cycle of behavior due to seasonality
Subsistence...
Page Information:
This page is dedicated to summaries, explanations and reviews of the chapters and content inside The Foraging Spectrum. This page is for both discussion of the book and a...
Location
The Hiwi are located in the modern countries of Columbia and Venezuela. The Hiwi are also known as the Cuiva by the local criollo farmers; however, this is a derogatory term. They are the...
Introduction
The location of !Kung San in the Dobe area is outside of the main roads of trade and power. The !Kung defended their lands against the attacks from the Blacks and Whites. When the...
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Table of Contents
Ethnonyms
Tierra del Fuego - Environment and Inhabitants
European Contact
Selk'nam Lifestyle
Ceremonial Rites
Kinship Terms10
The Last Selk'nam
Lola Kiepja
Angela...
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Table of Contents
Ethnonyms
Demography
Relationship to Ona
Subsistence Strategies3
Sexual Division of Labor
Social Organization
Rituals
Clothing
Bibliography
Back to South American...
Home
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Topics
Complex Forager Societies
Egalitarianism
Gender Hierarchies
Health/Growth & Development
History of...
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A Wiki ([ˈwiː.kiː] <wee-kee> or [ˈwɪ.kiː] <wick-ey>) is a type of website that allows users to add, remove, or otherwise edit...