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About this Wiki
This Wiki was created by Dr. Mark Moritz's Anthropology 620.01 class, Autumn Quarter in 2007 at The Ohio State University. It is annually updated by subsequent Anthropology 620.01...
Once in the early 1970s a Philippine Army intelligence officer asked me to check, as I explored up the coast of northeastern Luzon beyond Palanan, if the "Aetas" really had tails. A few days...
Overview
The Aka pygmies are a hunter-gatherer group living in the tropical forest regions of South Central Africa and north Congo-Brazzaville. The camps in which they live range from 25 to 30...
A Kalahari Family (2002)
"A Kalahari Family is a five-part, six-hour series documenting 50 years in the lives of the Ju/'hoansi of southern Africa, from 1951 to 2000. These once independent...
This page is an alphabetical listing of the Forager Societies covered in this Wiki. Click on the group name to view each society's in-depth page.
Aché
A group who lived and foraged in the forests...
Alycia's Bibliography
Blundell, Valda
1980 Hunter-Gatherer Territoriality: Ideology and Behavior in Northwest
Australia. Ethnohistory: Duke University Press 27(2):103-117.
(key words -...
Ambush hunting is designed to take advantage of the feeding behavior of forest antelopes. A man will scout out a tree with fruits that the antelopes enjoy, and will construct a perch 2.5 feet from...
Andrew Brooks Egalitarianism – Critical Review of a Research Article
Article Citation
Cashdan, Elizabeth A.
1980 Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers. American Anthropologist, New Series...
Alvard, M.S.
1998. Evolutionary ecology and resource conservation. Evolutionary Anthropology ( 7):62-74.
This article discusses the concept of resource conservation by Hunter and Gatherer’s. The...
An Urban Woman Marries Into A Rural Family And Wonders If She Made The Right Decision
This short video clip from National Geographic features a woman in Tanzania. She struggles with the idea of...
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Table of Contents
Region
Language
History
Early History
8000-6000 B.C.
4000-2500 B.C.
1000 B.C.-1700 A.D.
European Contact
The Twentieth...
Art and Identity of the Kwa Kwaka'Wakw: Box of Treasures
Produced by the U'Mista Cultural Society
Filmmaker: Dennis Wheeler
Narrator: Gloria Crammer Webster
This film focuses on Kwa Kwaka'Wakw...
References Cited
Bird, D.W., R. Bliege Bird, and C.H. Parker.
2005 Aboriginal burning regimes and hunting strategies in Australia’s Western Desert. Human Ecology 33: 443-464
Biskup, P.
1968...
Table of Medicinal Plants Used by the Peoples of Central Australia
GENERAL MEDICINE
SKIN AILMENTS
RESPIRATORY
SORE EYES
WOUNDS & BURNS
HEAD ACHES
MISCELLANEOUS
Acacia adsurgens, Acacia...
Australian Aboriginal Tribes
Back to Australian-Aborigines
[South Wales]
[Territory]
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
[New South...
Back to Homepage for Australian-Aborigines
Biskup, P.
1968 White-Aboriginal Relations in Western Australia: An Overview. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 10(4):447-457.
(Key words:...
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Pre-European Contact
Settlement and Geography
Aboriginal Life - Reconstructed
Tribes and Languages
The Dreaming
Territory
Food
Environment Management...
Overview
The Baka are a group of Central African foragers living in the western Congo-Zaire river valley, and also Cameroon. The Baka live in single-family homes called mongulus, which are made...
Baka: People of the Forest
Produced by National Geographic, Baka People of the Forest follows the everyday lives of a Baka family. View a short clip of the film here.
Another clip can be found...
Here you can find links to a page with annotated bibliographies and one without annotations.
Australian Aboriginals
Biskup, P.
1968 White-Aboriginal Relations in Western Australia: An Overview. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 10(4):447-457.
(Key words: Colonization, race...
To learn more about Arctic foragers refer to the Arctic foragers page.
Overview
There are a variety of Eskimo in the Arctic. Differences can be seen between inland and coastal groups. In the...
Return to sexual division of labor page.
To learn more about the Shoshone refer to the Great Basin Indians page.
Overview
In the Great Basin Shoshone, individual families are the primary...
Return to Sexual division of labor page
For more information on the !Kung and other Southern African foragers refer to the Southern African foragers page.
Overview
The !Kung live predominately in...
Return to sexual division of labor page.
To learn more about Northwest Coast Indians refer to the Northwest Coast Indians page.
Overview
The Tolowa, of Northern California, have a diet based...
Return to sexual division of labor page.
For more information on the Ona and other South American foragers refer to the South American foragers page.
Overview
The Ona, otherwise known as Selk'nam,...
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Ethnographies of Central African Foragers
External links
Introduction
In Central Africa, there are four main foraging groups that live in the...
Return to the sexual division of labor page.
Zeanah, David W.
2004 Sexual division of labor and central place foraging: a model for the Carson Desert of western Nevada. Journal of Anthropological...
Children of the Forest- India
This is a documentary about the Chenchu, a tribe of hunter-gathers living in India. They are under pressure to adapt farming techniques and move out of a tiger...
Introduction
Stereotypically, hunter-gatherer groups are thought to be simple, egalitarian societies, such as the Ju/’hoansi, who are characterized by equal access to resources and immense...
For course information
Dr. Mark Moritz
Department of Anthropology
The Ohio State University
4058 Smith Laboratory
174 W. 18th Avenue
Columbus, OH 43210-1106
Phone: +1 (614)...
Few foraging societies continue to live in the way they are represented in ethnographic accounts. Political and economic pressure has forced most of them to change their traditional ways, often to...
Return to the sexual division of labor page.
Draper, Patricia.
1975 !Kung Women: Contrasts in Sexual Egalitarianism in Foraging and Sedentary Contexts: a critical review. Toward an Anthropology of...
Click on the book title for more information
Balikci, Asen
1989 [1970] The Netsilik Eskimo. Prospect Heights (IL): Waveland Press. [link to amazon page]
Kelly, Robert L.
2007 The foraging spectrum...
Broadhurst, Robert
1997 Aborigines and Crime in Australia. Crime and Justice 21: 407-468
Crawford, I.M.
1972 Function and Change in Aboriginal Rock Art, Western Australia. World Archaeology...
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Our discussion board is located at the following link:
http://foragerdisccussion.wikidot.com/start
Please feel free to leave us comments or questions. We will try to answer any questions as quickly...
Introduction
The indigenous hunter-gatherer groups of East Africa predate the Bantu movement into this region. These groups include the Okiek (or Ogiek), Sengwer, Yaaku, Hadza (or Hadzabe), Akie,...
Return to the sexual division of labor page.
Halperin, Rhoda H.
1980. Ecology and Mode of Production: Seasonal Variation and the Division of Labor by Sex Among Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of...
Overview
The Efe are a group of foragers living in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of Congo. They share this region with three other groups of Central African Foragers. Of these...
Introduction
Egalitarianism in anthropology refers to a type of social organization in which individuals have no real authority over each other (Woodburn 1982:431). No individual or group controls...
The Culture Area Concept
Problematic early theoretical use of the idea that one could delineate a specific geographic area which could clearly explain borders of cultures. Originally coined by Otis...
Many foraging societies tend to restrict group size. Different societies employ different mechanisms to limit group membership, but how do they accomplish this? This page is dedicated to exploring...
Africa
A Kalahari Family (2002)
"A Kalahari Family is a five-part, six-hour series documenting 50 years in the lives of the Ju/'hoansi of southern Africa, from 1951 to 2000. These once...
Deleted scene from The Netsilik Eskimo Film Series ;)
Franz Boas wrote of the Northwest Coast Indian's as having "a marvelous knowledge of the properties of various kinds of wood and the ways of handling it." (p.29) Through this knowledge of their...
Kelly made this extensive chart to illustrate the great variability in how hunter-gatherers move.
This extensive chart is an attempt to measure the variability of subsistence practices is somewhat due to the environment.
ET is Effective Temperature
PP is Primary Production
*** Kelly...
Instructors who are interested in integrating wikis in their own courses, can find more information on this page about how I designed and developed the course in 2007 and 2008, including the...
What is Gender Hierarchy?
Harris defines it as:
Etic behavioral and etic mental inequalities in sex-linked power relationships as evidenced by physical abuse (homicide, assault and battery, rape,...
Affines: people related by marriage, in-laws.
Band: a small foraging group with flexible compostion that migrates seasonally.
Behavioral Ecology: the study of the ecological and evolutionary basis...
Introduction
The Great Basin is a dry desert located in the southwestern United States. The Great Basin Indians were a diverse group of peoples all brought together by a commonality in their...
Group hunting among the Efe is usually done in groups of 4-30 people. These groups are called mota, after the fire around which they discuss the plans of the upcoming hunt. During these hunts, the...
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Table of Contents
Background of the Hain
Plot and Purpose of the Hain
The Secret
Main characters in the Hain
The kloketen
Xalpen
The Shoort
The Hayílans
Hashé and...
Overview
Health and growth and development of foraging societies varies greatly from group to group. Each society has their own ways of coping with health issues and practices of child rearing....
If you are allowed to edit pages in this Site, simply click on edit button at the bottom of the page. This will open an editor with a toolbar pallette with options.
To create a link to a new page,...
Man The Hunter Conference
Chicago: 1966, "75 scholars, lead by Richard Lee and Irven DeVore met to discuss the status on the existing knowledge of foraging societies and create new perspectives. It...
Marlowe, Frank W.
2007 Hunting and Gathering: The Human Sexual Division of Foraging Labor. Cross-Cultural Research 41(2): 170-195.
In the past, the sexual division of labor has been explained as...
Return to the sexual division of labor page.
Marlowe, Frank W.
2007 Hunting and Gathering: The Human Sexual Division of Foraging Labor. Cross-Cultural Research 41(2): 170-195.
In the past, the...
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Table of Contents
The Iglulingmiut, The Iglulik
Subsistence
Annual Movement
Material Culture
Social Structure
History
Nineteenth Century
Twentieth Century
The Iglulik Today
Further...
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Table of Contents
Disclaimer
Australian Aborigines
Ainu
Bushmen
Efe
Hadza
Inuit
Pygmies
Netsilik
Northwest Coast Indians
Piraha of Brazil
Shoshone Indians
Disclaimer
Many of the...
The Ituri Forest
The Ituri Forest is found on the northeastern lip of the Zaire River Basin. This forest has the highest number of species of any forest in Africa. 15% of these species are...
Japanese Genetic Roots: Ainu and Native South Americans
This video is the first part of an hour-long show in Japanese with excellent subtitles. It takes the reader on the journey of Mr. Kano Oki...
Kate's Bibliography
Brady, Wendy
1997 Indigenous Australian Education and Globalisation. International Review of Education 43(5/6):413-422
(keywords - education, mainstreaming)
Carey, Hilary M....
Summary
Recent ethnographic studies show variability in the social organizations of hunter-gatherer societies. Until recently, archaeologists had thought these groups to be categorically...
Summary
Recent ethnographic studies show variability in the social organizations of hunter-gatherer societies. Until recently, archaeologists had thought these groups to be categorically...
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Table of Contents
Introduction
The Economic-Defensibility Model
The Great Basin Indians: A Case Study of the Economic-Defensibility Model
Social-boundary Defense
Navajo Land Use and...
Overview
The Mbuti live in small groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa.
Subsistence
60% of the Mbuti's carbohydrate annual caloric intake is obtained through a villager...
Membership Application
This wiki can only be edited by members. If you want to become a member and make contributions to the wiki, send an moc.liamg|ztirom.kram#liame to the administrator. In your...
Hunting for monkeys is by necessity a solitary activity, as the success of the hunt depends on stealth. The hunter will use his knowledge of the monkey's behavior to predict troupe movement and may...
Artemova, Olga
2003 Monopolization of knowledge, social inequality, and female status: A cross-cultural study. Cross-Cultural Research 37(1):62-80.
In this cross cultural study, Artemova asks why...
Here are more references about all things wiki, anthropology, style, and communities of practice:
Wikidot Community Portal
Wikiscanner
NYT public editor
Chicago Manual of Style
Communities of...
This page contains an annotated bibliography of resources concerning Central African foragers.
Aunger, Robert
1994 Are Food Avoidances Maladaptive in the Ituri Forest of Zaire? Journal of...
Nanook of the North (1922)
Directed by Robert J. Flaherty, Nanook of the North has been called "the first documentary" by Robert Gardner. It follows Nanook and his nuclear family as they hunt for...
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Table of Contents
The Netsilik
Background
Subsistence Strategies
Fish Weirs and Caribou Runs
Social Structure
Kinship
Marriage
Religious/Spiritual Practices
Infanticide
The Netsilik...
Northern Paiute
The Northern Paiutes of the Great Basin lived primarily in the western half of Nevada, an area consisting primarily of the mountains and valleys of the Sierra Nevadas. The people...
The native art of the Northwest Coast is renowned as some of the most intricate and elaborate art found in early societies, especially in the context of hunter gatherer...
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Environment
Groups
Shelter
Technology
Slavery
Food
Shellfish
Religion
Potlatch
Art
Variation
The Kwakiutl
The Tlingit
References cited
External...
Annotated Bibliographies
1. Adams, John W.
Recent Ethnology of the Northwest Coast
Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 10. (1981), pp. 361-392.
In the article, Recent Ethnology of the Northwest...
Discussion
It is unclear whether and how the Nyae Nyae Conservancies works today. The chapter by Weaver and Skyer (2005) suggests that the program is working and that the Ju/'hoansi are...
Optimal Foraging
Optimal foraging was initially defined as the understanding of the factors affecting nonhuman foraging behavior, in which animals will increase their intake of resources and...
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Table of Contents
The Caribou Inuit
Some External Links
The Thule Inuit
Timeline
Some External Links
Among the many tribes of Inuit that no longer pursue yearlong hunting and...
Here is where we lay out and negotiate the stylistic rules for the site (as in the Wikipedia style manual). The basic source for style that we will be using will be the style guide for the American...
Art and Identity of the Kwa Kwaka'Wakw: Box of Treasures
Produced by the U'Mista Cultural Society
Filmmaker: Dennis Wheeler
Narrator: Gloria Crammer Webster
This film focuses on Kwa Kwaka'Wakw...
Visitors to the wiki can comment on the wiki here without becoming a member.
Comments
Rabbit Proof Fence (2002)
Rabbit Proof Fence is a critically acclaimed Australian film based on the book Follow the Rabbit Proof Fence by Doris Pilkington Garimara. The story takes place in 1931...
Please help us to improve our page by following the link below to our poll.
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Please help us to improve our page by answering the questions below, or if this format is not supported by yor browser follow the link below to our...
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Table of Contents
What is Anthropology?
Foraging Researchers
Course Materials
Research Links
Organizations
Music
Language
Images
Art
Oral Traditions
Food
Miscellaneous
What is...
Collier, Jane F. and Michelle Z. Rosaldo
1981 Politics and Gender in Simple Societies. In Sexual Meanings: The cultural Construction of Gender and Sexuality. Sherry B. Ortner and Harriet Whitehead,...
Begler, Elsie B.
1978 Sex, Status, and Authority in Egalitarian Society
American Anthropologist 80(3): 571-588.
Elsie B. Begler, in her article Sex, Status, and Authority in Egalitarian Society,...
Overview
The sexual division of labor is defined as the delegation of tasks between males and females. Each society has its own division of labor, which creates a wide range of variation among...
Considered to be a universal characteristic of all foraging societies, sharing is the way in which hunter-gatherers regulate the access of food, material goods, land, and other resources. And while...
Shoshone
Shoshone groups were found throughout the Great Basin area. They were located in modern-day Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, and California. The material technology of the Shoshone...
Shoshone-Paiute Singing
This video shows the Yerington Nevada Shoshone-Paiute Native American Indian singing Great Basin Round Dance songs as Paiutes, Shoshones, and Washoes dance the Round...
References
What-is-a-wiki-site
How-to-edit-pages
Wikidot syntax
Wikidot documentation
More references
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Our-style-guide
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List all...
Signing up
Students enrolled in Anthropology 620.01 Hunter and Gatherers must sign up using the email with invitation sent by the instructor. If you did not receive an invitation, please email me...
Members:
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Introduction
Foraging societies of South America reside in vastly differing environments, from the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin to the plains and coastal climates of Tierra del Fuego....
South-East Asian Foragers
The Agta
The Agta are composed of several groups who were historically foragers. Located in the Eastern portion of the Island of Luzon in the Philippines. Today these...
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Table of Contents
Names
Location
Population
Environment
Economy
Gathering
Mongongos and Optimal Foraging Theory
Hunting
Sharing and the Practice of Insulting the Meat
Why...
Southern Paiute
The Southern Paiute were found in a large arc that extended west from southern Utah, across southern Nevada and northern Arizona, all the way to California. This environment...
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Table of Contents
Disclaimer
Hunter-Gatherers
Selected Forager Societies
Myths about Hunter-Gatherers
Bibliography
Disclaimer
As with any academic discipline, any information about...
Asen Balikci
Image Hosted at http://www.gieff.de/history/giff2006_report.html
Ph.D. in Anthropology from Columbia U.
Created the 12 Netsilik Eskimo ethnographic films between 1957 and 1965;...
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Table of Contents
Location and Environment
History
Language
Subsistence
Hunting and Fishing
Gathering
Forest to Reservation
Sharing
Social Organization
Settlement Patterns
Degree of...
The Ache: Natives of Paraguay
This is a clip about the folklore of Paraguay. However, it is spoken in their native language and no subscribes have been added.
It is still beneficial to get a visual...
The Babongo People
The Babongo are hunter-gatherers who live in the forest of Gabon, Western Africa. The Babongo number around 2,000, live alongside several other pygmy tribes in the heavily...
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Table of Contents
The Copper Inuit (Ulukhaktokmiut) of Holman
Isolation
Environment Variability
Traditional cycle of behavior due to seasonality
Subsistence...
Page Information:
This page is dedicated to summaries, explanations and reviews of the chapters and content inside The Foraging Spectrum. This page is for both discussion of the book and a...
The Gods Must Be Crazy (1980)
Written and directed by Jamie Uys, this film tells the story of a Bushmen band in the Kalahari Desert whose world is turned upside down when a Coke bottle falls from...
The Hadza: The Last Hunter Gatherers
Directed by Stefano Cassini, this documentary depicts the Hadza - an ancient Tanzanian tribe and follows them as they struggle with the modern world.
Overview
The Hiwi are located in the modern countries of Columbia and Venezuela. The Hiwi are also known as the "people of the savannah"; however, the Hiwi are also called "Sikuani" by the local...
The Hunters (1957)
This film is an educational documentary about the Ju/'hoansi or !Kung. It provides an ethnographic account of hunting strategies among this foraging society. Made by John...
Introduction
The location of !Kung San in the Dobe area is outside of the main roads of trade and power. The !Kung defended their lands against the attacks from the Blacks and Whites. When the...
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Table of Contents
Research and the Ethnographic Present
Location and Environment
History
Language
Subsistence
Animal-based
Tree and Plant-based
Technology
Social...
The Ona People: Life and Death in Tierra del Fuego (1977)
Documentary by Anne Chapman and Ana Montes de Gonzales following Anne Chapman's work with two Selk'nam (Ona) women in the 1960s. Chapman...
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Table of Contents
Location and Environment
History
European Contact
Language
In the News
Subsistence
Selk'nam Lifestyle
Social Organization
Kinship Terms
Religious Beliefs and...
N!ai, The Story of a !Kung Woman (1978)
This documentary from John Marshall portrays a !Kung woman named N!ai who shares her experience from 1951 to 1978. In 1970, the South African government...
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Table of Contents
Relationship to Ona
Subsistence Strategies
Sexual Division of Labor
Social Organization
Rituals
Clothing
Demography
Ethnographic Present
Bibliography
Back to South...
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Index of forager societies
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Complex Forager...
Ute
The Ute, a name which means “land of the sun,” are the basis for the state name of Utah. There are seven major nomadic bands: the Capote, the Mouache, the Parianucs, the Tebeguache, the...
According to Wikipedia, the world largest wiki site:
A Wiki ([ˈwiː.kiː] <wee-kee> or [ˈwɪ.kiː] <wick-ey>) is a type of website that allows users to add, remove, or otherwise edit...
What are the sources of conflict that Rosenzweig identifies for historians engaging with Wikipedia?
NPOV vs. No objective point of view
popular myths vs. expert research
Non-preprietary vs. author...
