Students of Hunter-Gatherer Societies

---

Richard B. Lee

• Born in New York City and raised in Toronto, Canada, 1937
• Canadian Cultural Anthropologist
• Earned B.A. and M.A. from the University of Toronto
• Earned Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley
• Currently a Professor of Anthropology at the University of Toronto
• Studies populations of !Kung San in the Kalahari Desert of Botswana and Namibia in Africa
• 1969 article, Eating Christmas in the Kalahari, about the Dobe Ju/'hoansi is widely used as course material in many universities
• Publications
  • Subsistence Ecology of !Kung Bushmen (1965), PhD Dissertation
  • Man the Hunter (1968)
  • Kalahari Hunters and Gatherers (1976)
  • The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society (1979)
  • The Dobe Ju/'hoansi (2003)

---

Julian Steward

• Born in Washington D.C., 1902, died 1972
• Earned B.S. from Cornell U. (Zoology and Biology) 1925
• Earned Ph.D. from U.C. Berkeley (Anthropology) 1929
• Founder of Institute of Social Anthropology at the Smithsonian
• Best known for introducing the theory of Cultural Ecology
• Worked with several Native American groups in the Great Basin area, especially known for his work with the Shoshone Indians.

---

Franz Boas

• Born in Minden, Germany, 1858, died 1942
• Earned Baccalaureate from University of Heidelberg
• Earned Ph.D from University of Kiel
• In 1889 he became professor at Columbia University
• Known for work with the Kwakiutl Indians from Northern Vancover and the mainland of British Columbia, Canada
• Added the concept of cultural relativism to anthropology
• Considered the Father of American Anthropology
• Wrote The Primitive Man, Anthropology and Modern Life, and Kwakiutl Ethnography

---

Marshall Sahlins

• Born in Chicago, Illinois, 1930
• Earned Bachelors and Masters Degree from the University of Michigan
• Earned Ph.D from Columbia University (1954)
• Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago (1973)
• Holds the title of Charles F. Grey Distinguished Service Professor of Anthropology
• Research includes the people of Polynesia, Hawaii, Turkey, Fiji, and New Guinea
• Best known for his book Stone Age Economics and his models of reciprocity.

---

Colin Turnbull

• Born in London, November 23,1924
• Studied politics and philosophy at Magdalen College, Oxford
• Earned a master's degree in Indian Religion and Philosophy from Denares Hindu University in India
• After 1954 he returned to Oxford and began focusing on the anthropology of Africa
• In 1965 he became a U.S. citizen and professor of anthropology at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, VA
• He was very unconventional and rejected neutrality in his studies
• He passed away on July 28, 1994 due to complications from AIDS
• Best known for his two books:
  • The Forest People (1961)
  • The Mountain People (1972)

---

Asen Balikci

• Ph.D. in Anthropology from Columbia U.
• Created the 12 Netsilik Eskimo ethnographic films between 1957 and 1965; publishing them in 1968
• Also filmed The Sons of Haji Omar (1978) about the Pashtoon pastoralists living in Afghanistan
• Filmed Chronicle of Sereniki in Siberia (1989)
• was a professor of Anthropology at the Université de Montréal until he returned to his home country of Bulgaria in 1994¹

---

Lewis Binford

• Born in Norfolk Virginia, 1930
• American Archaeologist
• B.A. from the University of North Carolina
• M.A. and PhD. from the University of Michigan
• Currently an Emeritus professor at Southern Methodist University
• Leader of “New Archaeology” movement in 1960’s
• Pioneered techniques of ethno archaeology and processualism. These theories state that in order to understand the past you must study current societies and the ways the archaeological record came to be formed. This means Binford has conducted research into modern foraging groups to help understand those of the past.²³⁴⁵

Footnotes

1. http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/anthropology/Ethnofilmfest/Balikciinformation.html

2. Anthropology students from Minnesota State University, "Franz Boas." (1997): EMuseum @ Minnesota State University, Mankato.

3. "Franz Boas." (2007): NNDB Tracking the Entire World. Soylent Communications.

4. Marshall Sahlins

5. Colin Turnbull